European Commission Adopted a Proposal Directive on Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence
Jacques Buhart | Michinari Matsumoto
On 23 February 2022, the European Commission (EC) adopted a proposal for a directive on corporate sustainability due diligence (the Proposed Directive).1
The EU has already enacted three pieces of legislation that impose supply chain due diligence regarding human rights and sustainability issues. These pieces of legislation only concern specific industries, i.e., the mineral2 and wood3Â industries, or require only large companies located in the EU to report non-financial information, including on human rights.4
At the national level, some European countries have already introduced national legislation regarding human rights due diligence. However, these national laws focus on specific human rights violations, e.g., child labor or forced labor,5Â or target only large national companies.6
As a result, these rules have had limited implications on Japanese companies doing business in Europe.
The Proposed Directive, by contrast, will have a broader personal scope of application and will require more general human rights and environmental due diligence than the existing EU and national legislation. Therefore, the Proposed Directive would have broader impacts on Japanese companies either exporting products to the EU Member States or having subsidiaries or affiliates within the EU Member States.
1. Purpose of the Proposed Directive
The Proposed Directive aims to foster sustainable and responsible corporate behaviour throughout global value chains.7Â For this purpose, the Proposed Directive provides a set of obligations for companies regarding actual and potential human rights adverse impacts and environmental adverse impacts, with respect to their own operations, the operations of their subsidiaries, and the value chain operations carried out by entities with whom the company has an established business relationship.8
2. Personal Scope
The Proposed Directive will apply to the following companies:9
- EU companies having more than 500 employees and a net worldwide turnover of more than EUR 150 million (large EU companies)
- EU companies having more than 250 employees and a net worldwide turnover of more than EUR 40 million, at least half of which is generated in specific high-risk sectors, inter alia:
- The manufacture of textiles, leather and related products (including footwear), and the wholesale trade of textiles, clothing and footwear
- Agriculture, forestry, fisheries (including aquaculture), the manufacture of food products, and the wholesale trade of agricultural raw materials, live animals, wood, food and beverages
- The manufacture of basic metal products, other non-metallic mineral products and fabricated metal products (except machinery and equipment).
Furthermore, the Proposed Directive will apply to the companies outside the EU that meet either of the following conditions:
- Have a net turnover in the EU of more than EUR 150 million (large non-EU companies)
- Have a net turnover in the EU of more than EUR 40 million and at least half of the net worldwide turnover is generated in the high-risk sectors listed above.
Therefore, Japanese companies that meet these thresholds will be required to comply with the due diligence requirements set by the Proposed Directive, even if they do not have a subsidiary or affiliate in the EU or their European subsidiary or affiliate is not within the scope of the Proposed Directive.
3. Due Diligence Obligations
The Proposed Directive will require companies to conduct human rights and environmental due diligence by carrying out the following actions:10
- Integrating due diligence into their policies
- Identifying actual or potential adverse impacts
- Preventing and mitigating potential adverse impacts, bringing actual adverse impacts to an end and minimising their extent
- Establishing and maintaining a complaints procedure
- Monitoring the effectiveness of their due diligence policy and measures
- Publicly communicating on due diligence.
The human rights and environmental conventions that companies should consider when conducting due diligence are listed in the Annex of the Proposed Directive.
The due diligence obligations will extend to business relationships with the companyâs value chains.11Â That is, companies should identify, prevent, and monitor actual and potential violations of human rights or environmental standards in the operations of their value chains.
There are additional obligations on large companies and EU-based companies. Large EU companies and large non-EU companies will be required to adopt a plan to ensure that their business strategy is compatible with limiting global warming to 1.5° C in line with the Paris Agreement.12 In any EU-based company within the scope of the Proposed Directive, directors will be required to take into account the human rights, climate change and environmental consequences of their decisions when fulfilling their duty to act in the best interest of the company.13
4. Sanctions
National administrative authorities may impose fines in case of non-compliance based on the companyâs turnover. The EC will set up a European Network of Supervisory Authorities, which will facilitate the cooperation of the supervisory authorities and the coordination and alignment of regulatory, investigative sanctioning and supervisory practices.14
In connection with companies outside the EU, the competent authority will be that of the Member State in which the company has a branch. If the company does not have a branch in any Member State or has branches in different Member States, the competent authority will be that of the Member State in which the company generates most of its net turnover in the EU.15
In addition, companies should be liable for damages resulting from their failure to prevent potential adverse impacts or bring actual adverse impacts to an end.16
5. Next Steps
The proposal will be presented to the European Parliament and the Council for approval. Once adopted, the Member States shall transpose the Directive into the national laws within two years from its entry into force. Large EU companies and large non-EU companies, therefore, should comply with the due diligence obligations by the end of this period. Companies within the Directiveâs scope because of their activities in high-risk sectors, on the other hand, should do so within four years after the Directive enters into force.
It is worth noting that the Proposed Directive is highly controversial, as an exercise of due diligence in developing and emerging countries is burdensome for European businesses.
Given the sensitive nature of the rules and current controversies, the proposal is not likely to be enacted before 2023. That is, the due diligence obligations on large companies will come into force in 2025 and those on other companies in high-risk sectors in 2027 at the earliest.
The developments in sustainability regulations are not limited to the EU. On 21 March 2022, the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) issued a proposal related to corporate sustainability disclosures concerning âenvironment, social and governanceâ (ESG) matters.17Â This trend of imposing ESG obligations on companies is likely to continue in the EU and the United States.
6. Implications for Japanese Companies
Japanese companies, especially those generating a net turnover in the EU of more than EUR 150 million and having value chains in countries with a risk of human rights violations, should prepare a strategy to comply with the due diligence obligations.
Japanese suppliers outside the scope of the Proposed Directive should also expect that European companies would ask to collaborate on their human rights due diligence. When collaborating with competitors by sharing resources or information, it is essential to consider compliance with applicable competition law.
Finally, the Proposed Directive would be used as a benchmark for non-EU countries examining national human rights due diligence rules, including Japan. It would be helpful for Japanese companies to follow the trends of the EU legislation to anticipate upcoming human rights and sustainability regulations in Japan or other jurisdictions.
1Â European Commission, Proposal for a Directive on corporate sustainability due diligence and amending Directive (EU) 2019/1937, Brussels, 23.2.2022 COM (2022) 71 final.
2Â So-called the Conflict Minerals Regulation, Regulation (EU) 2017/821 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 May 2017 laying down supply chain due diligence obligations for Union importers of tin, tantalum and tungsten, their ores, and gold originating from conflict-affected and high-risk areas.
3Â Regulation (EU) No 995/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 October 2010 laying down the obligations of operators who place timber and timber products on the market.
4 Directive 2014/95/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2014 amending Directive 2013/34/EU as regards disclosure of non-financial and diversity information by certain large undertakings and groups.
5Â UK Modern Slavery Act.
6Â French Corporate Duty of Vigilance Law applies to a French company and its subsidiaries that have more than 5,000 employees in France or 10,000 employees worldwide.
7 European Commission, press release âJust and sustainable economy: Commission lays down rules for companies to respect human rights and environment in global value chainsâ, 23 February 2022, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_22_1145.
8 Article 1 of the Proposed Directive.
9Â Article 2 of the Proposed Directive.
10 Article 4 of the Proposed Directive.
11Â âValue chainâ is defined as activities related to the production of goods or the provision of services by a company, including the development of the product or the service and the use and disposal of the product as well as the related activities of upstream and downstream established business relationships of the company (Article 3 (g)).
12Â Article 13 of the Proposed Directive.
13Â Article 25 of the Proposed Directive.
14Â Article 20 and 21 of the Proposed Directive.
15Â Article 17 of the Proposed Directive.
16Â Article 22 of the Proposed Directive.
17Â The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), Release Nos. 33-11042; 34-99478.
DOJ To Devote Substantial Resources To Investigating And Prosecuting Corporate Crime, Emphasizing Importance of Effective Compliance Programs
Julian L. André | Sarah E. Walters | Edward B. Diskant | Paul M. Thompson | Benton Curtis
In March 3, 2022, speeches at the American Bar Associationâs Annual National Institute on White Collar Crime (ABA White Collar Institute), US Attorney General (AG) Merrick Garland and US Assistant Attorney General for the Criminal Division (AAG) Kenneth Polite Jr. addressed the US Department of Justiceâs (DOJ) increased commitment to investigating and prosecuting corporate crime.
As a testament to their commitment to these resource-intensive cases, AG Garland discussed plans to hire 120 new prosecutors and 900 new FBI agents; this announcement represents a substantial surge in resources. AG Garland and AAG Polite also addressed specific ways they intend to increase enforcement efforts, including through the expanded use of data analytics. Finally, in addition to outlining substantive enforcement priorities, AG Garland and AAG Polite emphasized DOJâs focus on individual accountability, with AG Garland reiterating that DOJâs primary goal is âobtaining individual convictions rather than accepting big-dollar corporate dispositions.â
As AG Garland warned, DOJâs white-collar enforcement efforts will further âaccelerate as we come out of the pandemicâ and DOJâs interest in corporate crime is clearly âwaxing again.â Companies must therefore take proactive steps to prepare for this increased enforcement activity.
Substantial Additional Resources for Corporate Crime Enforcement
In 2021, DOJ charged 5,521 individuals with âwhite collarâ crimes, which represented a 10% increase over 2020. During his speech, AG Garland announced that DOJ will be devoting even more resources toward its corporate crime enforcement efforts going forward. Specifically, DOJ will seek funding to hire 120 new prosecutors and 900 new FBI agents, all of whom would focus on white-collar crime. If DOJ obtains such funding, those new prosecutors and agents could supercharge DOJâs enforcement efforts. For example, 120 prosecutors is more prosecutors than there are in many US Attorneysâ Offices (including in the District of Massachusetts, a district that is already active in corporate enforcement, particularly in the resource-intensive healthcare space). Adding 900 new FBI agentsâa number that is similarly larger than many existing FBI field officesâcould allow DOJ to pursue thousands of new corporate criminal investigations.
Expanded Use of Data Analytics
For the past two years, DOJ and other federal agencies have increasingly relied on sophisticated data analytics tools to identify and prosecute corporate crime. AG Garland specifically identified data analytics as another âforce-multiplierâ for DOJ. DOJâs use of data analytics will undoubtedly expand going forward. Among other things, AG Garland announced that a new squad of FBI agents has been embedded within the Criminal Divisionâs Fraud Section to âfurther strengthen [DOJâs] ability to bring data-driven corporate crime cases nationwide.â As DOJ increasingly relies on âbig data,â including vast amounts of data from other state and federal agencies, companies must ensure that they are proactively using data analytics to further their own internal compliance efforts.
DOJâs Priority Enforcement Areas
AG Garland and AAG Polite mentioned several of DOJâs specific white-collar criminal enforcement priorities during their remarks. In addition to traditional areas such as healthcare fraud, securities fraud and Foreign Corrupt Practices Act violations, companies should expect increased DOJ scrutiny in the following areas:
- Antitrust: AG Garland highlighted DOJâs active investigations and prosecutions of alleged criminal antitrust violations and collusive activity in government procurement. DOJâs Antitrust Division ended the last fiscal year with 146 open grand jury investigationsâthe most in 30 yearsâand is trying or preparing to try 18 indicted cases against 10 companies and 42 individuals. AG Garland previously noted that âreinvigorating Antitrust enforcementâ was a top priority for DOJ, and he requested a budget increase of 9% for the Antitrust Division (more than $200 million). Such significant additional resources will bolster the Antitrust Divisionâs aggressive pursuit of alleged violations in their current priority areas: government procurement, labor markets, consumer products and the healthcare industry. In addition, during separate remarks at the ABA White Collar Institute, Richard Powers, the Deputy Assistant Attorney General for Criminal Enforcement in the Antitrust Division, noted that the Division is also prepared to criminally charge individual executives for violations of Section 2 of the Sherman Act (the provision prohibiting market monopolization). Charging Section 2 cases criminally is an exceedingly aggressive and controversial approach, and it something that the Division has not done in decades.
- COVID-19 Fraud: AG Garland reiterated DOJâs commitment to pursuing fraudulent conduct in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic. As President Biden recently announced, AG Garland will be ânaming a chief prosecutor to lead specialized teams dedicated to combatting pandemic fraud.â The chief prosecutor will âbuild onâ the work of the COVID-19 Fraud Enforcement Task Force announced in May 2021. Additional pandemic-related prosecutions and investigations will likely continue for years to come and may increase in scope and complexity.
- Cryptocurrency: AAG Polite specifically mentioned the âemerging cryptocurrency spaceâ as an area in which individual victims are particularly vulnerable to being âexploited by other market participants.â AAG Polite referenced the recent indictment of the founder of cryptocurrency platform BitConnect in connection with an alleged $2.4 billion Ponzi scheme. His remarks follow increased cryptocurrency enforcement and regulatory activity from the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN), the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and other federal agencies during the past year, and they demonstrate that cryptocurrency remains squarely in the DOJâs crosshairs.
DOJâs Renewed Focus on Individual Accountability
The remarks of AG Garland and AAG Polite focused heavily on DOJâs efforts to ensure that individuals are held accountable for corporate crime. AG Garland stated that DOJâs âfirst priority in corporate criminal cases is to prosecute the individuals who commit and profit from corporate malfeasances.â AG Polite in turn noted that DOJ âprioritize[s] prosecution of individuals responsible for corporate crimes to the fullest extent of the law.â
Although âindividual accountabilityâ has long been at the core of DOJâs Principles of Federal Prosecution, AG Garland and AAG Politeâs statements were noteworthy since prosecutions of individuals for corporate crime had waned during the past administration. AG Garland recognized that âobtaining individual convictions rather than accepting big-dollar corporate dispositions is a difficult and resource-intensive road,â but committed to marshalling the resources necessary for DOJ to pursue such prosecutions successfully.
AG Garland and AAG Polite also reemphasized DOJâs requirement that, to be eligible for cooperation credit, companies must provide DOJ âwith all non-privileged informationâ about âall individuals involved in or responsible the misconduct at issue,â regardless of âtheir position, status or seniority.â First announced by Deputy Attorney General (DAG) Lisa Monaco last fall, AG Garland described this requirement and defense lawyers as a âforce multiplierâ for DOJ. DOJ now expects companies and their defense lawyers to âcome clean about everyone involved in the misconduct, at every level.â This is a change from the previous administration, which required only that companies make disclosures regarding those individuals the companies deem to have had âsubstantialâ involvement in the misconduct.
KEY TAKEAWAYS
With a surge of DOJ resources focused on corporate crime (and AG Garlandâs clear commitment to enforcement in that area), the importance of an effective corporate compliance plan cannot be overstated. In fall 2021, DAG Monaco reiterated the import of self-monitoring, a trend that has been gaining momentum at DOJ since it first issued comprehensive compliance guidance in 2017. AAG Polite reiterated the same on March 3, 2002, providing additional insight into what DOJ will be looking for when evaluating corporate compliance programs:
- DOJ wants to know âwhether you are doing everything you can to ensure that when that individual employee is facing a singular ethical challenge, he has been informed, trained and empowered to choose right over wrong.â
- When misconduct takes places, DOJ will be evaluating whether your company has in place âa system that immediately detects, remediates, disciplines, and then adapts to ensure that others do not follow suit.â
- Even when a CEO is not involved in wrongdoing, DOJ expects corporations to âexamine whether a change in leadership is necessaryâ and analyze whether current leadership âmodeled poor ethical behavior for the workforce, or fostered a climate in which subordinates committed wrongdoing with intent to benefit the company, or permitted weak internal controls that allowed the crimes of individuals to go undetected.â
AN OVERVIEW OF OECD PILLAR 2
Brian H. Jenn | Annette Keller | Dr. Dirk Pohl | James Ross | Andrea Tempestini | Antoine Vergnat | Romain Desmonts | Alessio Persiani
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)/G20 Global Anti-Base Erosion (GloBE, Pillar 2) Model Rules, published in December 2021, intend to address perceived challenges to long-standing international taxation principles from the increasing digitalization of the economy. If implemented, these rules (Model Rules) would significantly impact the taxation of multinational groups, introducing new complexity to international taxation and nullifying the benefit of tax incentive regimes employed by many countries to attract foreign investment.
Addressing the tax challenges raised by digitalization has been a priority of the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) since 2015. Inclusive Framework members agreed to examine proposals in the two pillars forming the basis for a long-term solution to these tax challenges. In mid-2019, a program of work to be conducted on Pillars 1 and 2 was adopted and finally endorsed by the G20 finance ministers in July 2021. As of 4 November 2021, 137 OECD/G20 countries and jurisdictionsâout of the 140 members of the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on BEPSârepresenting more than 90% of global gross domestic product (GDP) agreed to join the official statement of the Two-Pillar Solution. Pillar 1 foresees reallocating international taxing rights and stabilizing the international system of tax law. Pillar 2, which was introduced jointly by the (at that time) Vice Chancellor and Finance Minister of Germany Olaf Scholz and his French counterpart Bruno Le Maire, imposes a global minimum 15% tax rate for certain multinational enterprises (MNEs) from 2023 onwards.
The OECD illustrated the most relevant aspects of Pillar 2 in a blueprint published in 2020. The Model Rules published in December 2021 add significant detail but offer limited indication as to how the rules might apply in practice. A commentary on the Model Rules to be published in the first quarter of 2022 is expected to provide additional guidance in this regard.
PILLAR 2 AT A GLANCE
Pillar 2 rules apply to multinational groups with global revenues exceeding a â¬750 million threshold, in line with current Country-by-Country Reporting (CBCR) obligations. A group is defined as a collection of enterprises that are consolidated for financial accounting purposes. Pillar 2 applies to the constituent entities (CEs), i.e., subsidiaries included in the consolidation and permanent establishments (PEs), including branch operations and entities that are disregarded for US income tax purposes.
Pillar 2 includes two proposals that operate almost independently of each other:
- A global anti-base erosion regime (GloBE rules) applies through an income inclusion rule (IIR) and an undertaxed payments rule (UTPR) with support from a switchover rule (SOR) as required; and
- A minimum level of tax on certain payments between connected parties, which are deemed as having a heightened base eroding potential (subject to tax rule (STTR)).
The interaction between the two is that the top-up tax imposed under the STTR is taken into consideration for the purpose of calculating the effective tax rate (ETR) under GloBe rules. Thus, the STTR operates in priority to GloBe rules.
The different elements of the GloBe rules can be described as follows:
- The IIR requires the ultimate parent entity (UPE) to pay a top-up tax on its proportionate share of the income of any low-taxed CE in which the UPE has a direct or indirect ownership interest. The tax is the top-up amount required to bring the overall tax on the profits up to the 15% ETR. The IIR is a residence-based income tax rule. However, further to the OECD Model Rules, the amount of the top-up tax payable under the IIR and the UTPR are net of any Qualified Domestic Minimum Top-Up Tax (QDMTT), i.e., of minimum tax included in the domestic law of a jurisdiction and shaped consistently with GloBE rules. This ensures that source countries retain the primary right to tax profits sourced in their territory at the 15% rate (if they choose to do so). The UPE is given priority for applying the IIR. If the UPE is located in a jurisdiction that has not implemented the IIR, then responsibility for applying the IIR falls on the CE that is directly owned and controlled by that UPE, and so on, down the chain of ownership.
- The IIR is complemented by a tax treaty-based SOR that allows a jurisdiction to override the exemption method and switch to the credit method to the extent necessary to apply the IIR to the profits of a PE. This ensures equality of treatment of exempt PEs and foreign subsidiaries under GloBe rules.
- The UTPR serves as a backstop to the IIR and is aimed at dealing with cases in which the IIR is unable to bring low tax jurisdictions in line with the 15% minimum ETR. The UTPR allocates the taxing rights over the under-taxed income (deriving from a low tax jurisdiction) to jurisdictions different from the UPE residence.
The STTR complements GloBE rules. It is a tax treaty rule that specifically targets intragroup payments, which benefit from low nominal tax rates in the jurisdiction of the payee. As mentioned above, the STTR operates before the IIR and confers a primary taxing right to the source jurisdiction. Thus, being âde factoâ a priority rule under GloBE rules. To a certain extent, the STTR constitutes a counterweight for source jurisdictions against the IIR, which is a residence-based tax rule. It is activated where intragroup payments are made by an entity in one contracting state to a group entity in another contracting state that is subject to an adjusted nominal tax rate below the 15% minimum ETR. In that case, the source state may levy a withholding tax equal to the top-up tax on the gross payment.
PILLAR 2âA MORE IN-DEPTH VIEW OF GLOBE RULES
In-Scope Entities
GloBE rules apply to taxpayers who: (1) are members of a multinational group and (2) its multinational group had an annual revenue of â¬750 million or more in the consolidated financial statements of at least two of the four fiscal years preceding the tested fiscal year. A group will not be subject to GloBE rules if it: (1) does not have at least one subsidiary or PE located in a jurisdiction different from the one of the UPE or (2) does not meet the indicated revenue threshold.
Some specific exclusion rules are provided. The most relevant exclusions are: (1) pension funds, (2) investment funds or real estate investment vehicles qualifying as UPE, (3) nonprofit organizations and (4) governmental entities and international organizations.
Application of GloBE Rules
GloBE rules should be applied in the following steps:
- Calculation of the ETR
- Calculation of the top-up tax
- Determination of the liability for the top-up tax
Calculation of the ETR
First, each CE should determine its GloBE income or loss. The CE income or loss as reported in the UPEâs consolidated financial statements (before the elimination of intragroup transactions) constitutes the starting point.
Then, the CEâs accounting income or loss must be adjusted to remove specific book-to-tax differences (e.g., excluded dividends, excluded equity gains or losses, asymmetric foreign currency gains or losses, prior period errors and changes in accounting principles). GloBE income includes tax credits refundable within four years (Qualified Refundable Tax Credits (QRTC)), while tax credits that do not meet such requirement are excluded. International shipping income is also excluded for GloBE purposes. Further details and rules are laid under Chapter 3 of the OECD Model Rules.
Chapter 4 of the OECD Model Rules provides the calculation of the tax attributable to the GloBE income. Covered taxes include all income taxes, including taxes on distributed profits and deemed profit distributions, accrued for financial statements purposes. Taxes due by the CEâs owners and resulting from the application of a controlled foreign company (CFC) regime are allocated to the CE for GloBE purposes. As far as temporary differences are concerned, OECD Model Rules rely on deferred tax accounting concepts with some specific adjustments (e.g., credit for deferred tax liabilities are capped at 15%; a recapture mechanism applies for deferred tax liabilities that have not been reversed within five years). Alternatively and with respect to losses, a taxpayer may elect to utilize a simplified GloBE loss carryforward mechanism.
The ETR is calculated on a jurisdictional basis as a result of the covered taxes divided by the net GloBE income referred to the relevant jurisdiction (i.e., GloBE income of all CEs located in the jurisdiction minus the GloBE losses of all CEs located in the jurisdiction). Because tax incentives granted in the CE jurisdiction reduce covered taxes but may not affect the denominator of the ETR calculation, such incentives can reduce the ETR (and, if the relevant conditions are met, they could be totally or partially offset by the top-up tax)1.
Calculation of the Top-Up Tax
The top-up tax rate is equal to the difference, if any, between the 15% minimum rate and the ETR of the relevant jurisdiction. It is then multiplied by the groupâs jurisdictional excess profit, which is defined as the groupâs GloBE income minus a substance-based income exclusion (SBIE) equal to 5% of the carrying value of tangible assets plus 5% of total payroll costs in the jurisdiction. The groupâs jurisdictional top-up tax is equal to the resulting value minus the amount of any QDMTT imposed by the relevant jurisdiction. Further details are provided under Chapter 5 of the OECD Model Rules.
Determination of the Liability for the Top-Up Tax
After computing the groupâs top-up tax for each jurisdiction in which it has a CE, the entity liable for the top-up tax should be determined. The IIR constitutes the primary rule and results in the application of the top-up tax to the UPE. The UPE pays the top-up tax in proportion to its ownership interests in the CEs that have low-taxed income. If the jurisdiction of the UPE does not apply an IIR, the income inclusion applies to the highest intermediate parent entity in the groupâs ownership structure that is subject to an IIR.
Exceptions to this top-down approach are provided under split ownership rules, whereby the IIR must be applied by an intermediary company instead of its parent if minority shareholders outside the group hold an equity interest that represents more than 20% of that intermediary company. However, this split ownership rule does not apply if the intermediary company is entirely owned directly or indirectly by shareholders who are subject to the IIR.
As mentioned above, the IIR is complemented by a tax treaty-based SOR that allows a jurisdiction to override the exemption method and switch to the credit method to the extent necessary to apply the IIR to the PE profits.
If any top-up tax liability remains after applying the IIR, OECD Model Rules apply the UTPR as a backstop mechanism. The UTPR would be triggered, for example, where: (1) CEs are located in low tax jurisdictions, which are owned directly and indirectly by entities resident in jurisdictions that have not implemented the IIR, or (2) the UPE is resident in a low tax jurisdiction (so that there are no entities in the chain of ownership that can apply the IIR).
The UTPR operates through an adjustment (such as a denial of a deduction for otherwise deductible expenses or an equivalent adjustment provided under domestic law) that increases the tax at the level of the subsidiary. The share of the top-up tax is allocated among jurisdictions based on the value of the groupâs tangible assets and the number of its employees in jurisdictions that have implemented the UTPR, with both factors given equal weight.
Further details on the IIR and the UTPR are provided under Chapter 2 of the OECD Model Rules.
Carve Outs and Transition Rules
Chapter 9 of the OECD Model Rules lays down a few transition rules.
Among them, an exclusion from the UTPR for groups in the initial phase of their international activity is provided. Such groups are defined as those that have a maximum of â¬50 million worth of tangible assets in all jurisdictions different from the one in which it has the highest amount of tangible assets and operates in no more than six jurisdictions. This exclusion is limited to a five-year period after the group comes into the scope of the GloBE rules for the first time. For groups that are in the scope of the GloBE rules when they go into effect, the five-year period will start at the time the UTPR rules go into effect.
Furthermore, as said above, a SBIE equal to 5% of the value of tangible assets plus 5% of total payroll costs in the jurisdiction is provided. In a transition period of 10 years, the amount of income excluded will be 8% of the carrying value of tangible assets and 10% of payroll, declining annually by 0.2% for the first five years (for both tangible assets and payroll) and by 0.4% for tangible assets and by 0.8% for payroll for the last five years.
GloBE rules also provide for a de minimis exclusion for jurisdictions where the group has revenues of less than â¬10 million and profits of less than â¬1 million.
GILTI Coexistence
US global intangible low-taxed income (GILTI) rules and other income inclusion regimes are currently being examined to determine if they meet the objectives of GloBE rules. In that context, the OECD has indicated that consideration will be given to the conditions under which the GILTI regime will coexist with GloBE rules to ensure a level playing field. The GILTI rules might not be considered a qualifying IIR unless US Congress modifies the GILTI regime so that it applies a 15% minimum ETR on a country-by country basisâcurrently an uncertain prospect. If the existing regime is not amended, US-parented groups may be subject to application of UTPRs to top-up tax amounts of their CFCs.
Additionally, regardless of whether GILTI is modified, other countriesâ UTPRs may apply to top-up tax calculated with respect to the US parent company and any disregarded entities or foreign branches it owns.
A NUMERIC EXAMPLE
Letâs assume the following scenario:
Company A qualifies as UPE and Companies B and C are wholly-owned by Company A.
1. Calculation of the ETR in State B1
- GloBE Income in State B:Â 100Â (120-20 â B Accounting Income â B Excluded Dividends and Cap. Gains)
- Covered Taxes in State B:Â 10
- ETR in State B:Â 10%Â (10/100 â Covered Taxes in State B/GloBE Income in State B)
2. Calculation of the Top-Up Tax
- Top-up tax rate:Â 5%Â (15%-10% â GloBE Minimum Rate â ETR in State B)
- SBIE in State B: 20 (5%*100 + 5%*300 â 5% of B Payroll Costs + 5% of B Tangible Assets)
- Group Excess Profit in State B: 80 (100 â 20 â GloBE Income in State B â SBIE in State B)
- Top-up tax (without QDMTT3 ): 4 (5%*80) â Top-up tax rate * Group Excess Profit in State B
- Final amount of top-up tax (with QDMTT): 3.2 [4-(1%*80)] â [Top-up tax â QDMTT]2
3. Determination of the Liability for the Top-Up Tax
The company liable for the top-up tax will be determined in the following order:
- If State A implemented the IIR â Company A is liable for the top-up tax (3.2) on the basis of IIR
- If State A has not implemented the IIR â Company C or Company B and C are liable for the top-up tax on the basis of the UTPR (see below).
4. UTPR Mechanism
- Scenario AÂ â> State C is the only state that implemented the UTPR
- Company CÂ is liable for the top-up tax (3.2)
- Scenario BÂ â> Both State B and State C implemented the UTPR
UTPR percentage of State B:Â 48.75%Â (50%*30/80 + 50%*300/500 50% * Number of employees in State B/Number of Employees in all UTPR States + 50% * Value of Tangible Assets in State B/Value of Tangible Assets in all UTPR States)
UTPR Percentage of State C:Â 51.25%Â (50%*50/80 + 50%*200/500)
- Company BÂ liability for the top-up tax:Â 1.56Â (3.2*48.75%)
- Company CÂ liability for the top-up tax:Â 1.64Â (3.2*51.25%)
NEXT STEPS
As mentioned above, in the first quarter of 2022, the OECD should adopt and publish a commentary on OECD Model Rules3. Further work and elaborations by the OECD are expected throughout the course of 2022 with the goal of first applying Pillar 2 rules (together with Pillar 1 rules) as from 2023.
In parallel with OECD elaborations, in December 2021, the European Commission proposed the adoption of a directive with regard to the EU area (COM 2021 823). The draft directive closely follows the OECD Model Rules but extends their scope to large-scale purely domestic groups (meaning that in the EU area, GloBE rules would also apply to groups that do not have subsidiaries/PEs in more than one jurisdiction). While the European Commission officially stated that the extension is provided âin order to ensure compliance with the EU fundamental freedoms,â a few scholars raised some doubts on the compliance of the directive with those freedoms.
The draft directive also exercises an option set out in the OECDâs commentary for the Model Rules to require an EU Member State of an in-scope multinational enterprise applying the IIR (as said above, usually the jurisdiction of the UPE) to ensure effective taxation at the minimum agreed level (15%) for not only foreign subsidiaries but all CEs resident in that Member State and the PEs of the group established in that Member State.
Provided that the draft directive is approved by EU institutions (remarkably, a unanimous agreement of EU Member States at the Council level is required), the relevant rules should be implemented in the domestic tax systems by the end of 2022 and should apply as from 2023.
In this respect, we also note that Spanish Budget Law for 2022 has already provided a 15% minimum tax applicable as from 1 January 2022. The minimum tax applies to taxpayers with a net turnover of at least â¬20 million and those subject to the tax consolidation regime (thus having a scope of application wider than both the OECD rules and the proposed EU directive).
1 We are assuming that State B adopts a 1% QDMTT for purely illustrative reasons (i.e. in order to allow the applicability of the IIR and UTPR mechanism). We are aware that, in case a given State decides to adopt a QDMTT, the rate of the QDMTT would likely be determined in way that the overall tax rate of the State reaches 15%.
2 Please note that OECD Model Rules do not encompass separate steps for the calculation of the âTop-up tax (without QDMTT)â and âFinal amount of Top-up tax (with QDMTT)â and include the deduction of the QDMTT in the step named âJurisdictional Top-up Taxâ under Art. 5.2.3.
3 This point should be further analysed and checked also on the basis of the Commentary to OECD Model Rules to be adopted in next weeks.
欧å·å§å¡äŒãäŒæ¥ã®æç¶å¯èœæ§ãã¥ãŒãã£ãªãžã§ã³ã¹ã«é¢ããæ什æ¡ãæ¡æ
Jacques Buhart | Michinari Matsumoto
2022幎2æ23æ¥ã欧å·å§å¡äŒïŒä»¥äžãECãïŒã¯ãäŒæ¥ã®æç¶å¯èœæ§ãã¥ãŒãã£ãªãžã§ã³ã¹ã«é¢ããæ什æ¡ïŒä»¥äžãæ什æ¡ãïŒãæ¡æãã1ã
EUã¯ãã§ã«ã人暩ããã³æç¶å¯èœæ§ã«é¢ããŠãµãã©ã€ãã§ãŒã³ã®ãã¥ãŒãã£ãªãžã§ã³ã¹çŸ©åã課ã3ã€ã®æ³ä»€ãæœè¡ããŠãããããããã®æ³åŸã¯ãç¹å®ã®ç£æ¥ïŒé±æ¥2ãæšæç£æ¥3ïŒã®ã¿ã察象ãšããŠããããEUåå ã®å€§äŒæ¥ã«ã®ã¿äººæš©ãå«ãé財åæ å ±ã®å ±åã矩åä»ãããã®ã§ãã£ã4ã
ãŸãåœã¬ãã«ã§ããè€æ°ã®æ¬§å·è«žåœããã§ã«äººæš©ãã¥ãŒãã£ãªãžã§ã³ã¹ã«é¢ããåœå æ³ãå°å ¥ããŠããããããããããã®åœå æ³ã¯ãå ç«¥åŽåã匷å¶åŽåçã®ç¹å®ã®äººæš©äŸµå®³ã«é©çšç¯å²ãéå®ããŠããã 5ãåœå ã®å€§äŒæ¥ã®ã¿ã察象ãšããŠãã6ã
ãã®çµæããããã®æ³åŸã欧å·ã§äºæ¥ãè¡ãæ¥æ¬äŒæ¥ãžåãŒã圱é¿ã¯éå®çã§ãã£ãã
ããã«å¯Ÿããæ°ããªæ什æ¡ã¯ãããå€ãã®äŒæ¥ãé©çšç¯å²ã«å«ã¿ãæ¢åã®EUãååœã®æ³åŸãããå æ¬çãªäººæš©ã»ç°å¢ãã¥ãŒãã£ãªãžã§ã³ã¹ã矩åä»ãããã®ã§ããããããã£ãŠãæ什æ¡ã¯ãEUå çåœã«è£œåã茞åºããŠããæ¥æ¬äŒæ¥ãEUå çåœå ã«åäŒç€Ÿãé¢é£äŒç€Ÿãæã€æ¥æ¬äŒæ¥ã«ãããåºç¯ãªåœ±é¿ãäžããããšãäºæ³ãããã
1. æ什æ¡ã®ç®ç
æ什æ¡ã¯ãã°ããŒãã«ãªããªã¥ãŒãã§ãŒã³ã«ããããæç¶å¯èœã§è²¬ä»»ããäŒæ¥è¡åãä¿é²ããããšãç®çãšããŠãã7ããã®ç®çã®ãããæ什æ¡ã¯ãèªç€Ÿã®äºæ¥ãåäŒç€Ÿã®äºæ¥ãããã³èªç€ŸãååŒé¢ä¿ãæããäŒæ¥ã®ããªã¥ãŒãã§ãŒã³ã«ããããçŸåšããã³æœåšçãªäººæš©ã»ç°å¢ãžã®æªåœ±é¿ã«é¢ããŠäŒæ¥ãæããã¹ãäžé£ã®çŸ©åãèŠå®ããŠãã8ã
2. é©çšç¯å²
æ什æ¡ã¯ã以äžã«è©²åœããäŒæ¥ã«é©çšããã9ã
- åŸæ¥å¡æ°ã500人以äžã§ãå šäžçã®çŽå£²äžé«ã1å5åäžãŠãŒã以äžã®EUäŒæ¥ïŒä»¥äžããEU倧äŒæ¥ãïŒ
- åŸæ¥å¡250人以äžãå šäžçã§ã®çŽå£²äžé«ã4åäžãŠãŒã以äžã®EUäŒæ¥ã§ããã®å£²äžé«ã®åå以äžãç¹å®ã®é«ãªã¹ã¯éšéãç¹ã«ä»¥äžã®éšéã§çºçãããã®ïŒ
-
- ç¹ç¶ãç®é©ããã³é¢é£è£œåïŒéŽé¡ãå«ãïŒã®è£œé ãç¹ç¶ã»è¡£æã»éŽé¡ã®åžå£²æ¥
- 蟲æ¥ãææ¥ãæ°Žç£æ¥ïŒé€æ®æ¥ãå«ãïŒãé£å補é æ¥ã蟲æ¥åææãåç©ãæšæãé£åã飲æã®åžå£²æ¥
- åºç€éå±è£œåããã®ä»ã®ééå±é±ç©è£œåãå å·¥éå±è£œåïŒæ©æ¢°ã»èšåãé€ãïŒã®è£œé
ããã«ãæ什æ¡ã¯ã以äžã®ããããã«è©²åœããEUåå€ã®äŒæ¥ã«ãé©çšãããã
- EUåå ã®å£²äžé«ã1å5åäžãŠãŒããè¶ ããäŒæ¥ïŒä»¥äžãéEU倧äŒæ¥ãïŒ
- EUåå ã®çŽå£²äžé«ã4åäžãŠãŒã以äžã§ãããå šäžçã®çŽå£²äžé«ã®å°ãªããšãååãäžèšã®é«ãªã¹ã¯éšéã§çºçããŠããäŒæ¥
ãããã£ãŠããããã®åºæºãæºããæ¥æ¬äŒæ¥ã¯ãEUåå ã«åäŒç€Ÿãé¢é£äŒç€ŸãæããŠããªãå ŽåããEUåå ã®åäŒç€Ÿãé¢é£äŒç€Ÿãæ什æ¡ã®é©çšç¯å²å€ã§ããå Žåã§ãã£ãŠããæ什æ¡ãå®ãããã¥ãŒãã£ãªãžã§ã³ã¹çŸ©åãéµå®ããå¿ èŠãããã
3. ãã¥ãŒãã£ãªãžã§ã³ã¹çŸ©å
æ什æ¡ã¯ãäŒæ¥ã«å¯Ÿãã以äžã®æ¹æ³ã«ããã人暩ããã³ç°å¢ãã¥ãŒãã£ãªãžã§ã³ã¹ãå®æœããããšãæ±ããŠãã10ã
- ãã¥ãŒãã£ãªãžã§ã³ã¹ãèªç€Ÿã®ããªã·ãŒã«çã蟌ã
- çŸã«ååšãããŸãã¯æœåšçãªæªåœ±é¿ãç¹å®ãã
- æœåšçãªæªåœ±é¿ãé²æ¢ã»è»œæžããçºçããæªåœ±é¿ãé€å»ãããã®åœ±é¿ãæå°åãã
- åçºæç¶ããæŽåã»ç¶æãã
- ãã¥ãŒãã£ãªãžã§ã³ã¹ã»ããªã·ãŒãšå¯Ÿçã®æå¹æ§ãç£èŠãã
- ãã¥ãŒãã£ãªãžã§ã³ã¹ã«ã€ããŠå ¬è¡šãã
äŒæ¥ããã¥ãŒãã£ãªãžã§ã³ã¹ãè¡ãéã«èæ ®ãã¹ã人暩ããã³ç°å¢ã«é¢ããæ¡çŽã¯ãæ什æ¡ã®éå±æžã«æ²ããããŠããã
ãã¥ãŒãã£ãªãžã§ã³ã¹çŸ©åã¯ãäŒæ¥ã®ããªã¥ãŒãã§ãŒã³ãšã®éã®ååŒé¢ä¿ã«ãé©çšããã11ãããªãã¡ãäŒæ¥ã¯ãã®ããªã¥ãŒãã§ãŒã³ã®äºæ¥æŽ»åã«ãããŠã人暩ãŸãã¯ç°å¢åºæºãå®éã«äŸµå®³ãããŠãããããŸãã¯æœåšçã«äŸµå®³ããããããããªããã©ãããç¹å®ãé²æ¢ãç£èŠããå¿ èŠãããã
ãŸã倧äŒæ¥ããã³EUã«æ ç¹ã眮ãäŒæ¥ã«ã¯ãè¿œå ã®çŸ©åã課ããããŠãããEU倧äŒæ¥ããã³éEU倧äŒæ¥ã¯ãèªç€Ÿã®äºæ¥æŠç¥ãããªåå®ã®å®ããå°çæž©æåã1.5âã«æãããšããç®æšã«é©åããŠããããšãä¿èšŒããããã®èšç»ãçå®ããªããã°ãªããªã12ãããã«EU倧äŒæ¥ã«éãããæ什æ¡ãé©çšãããEUäŒæ¥ã®åç· åœ¹ã¯ãäŒç€Ÿã®æåã®å©çã®ããã«è¡åãã矩åïŒduty to act in the best interest of the companyïŒãæããéã«ããã®æ±ºå®ã人暩ãæ°åå€åãç°å¢ã«åãŒã圱é¿ãèæ ®ããªããã°ãªããªã13ã
4. 眰å
ååœã®èŠå¶åœå±ã¯ãã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹éåããã£ãå ŽåãäŒæ¥ã®å£²äžé«ã«åºã¥ãå¶è£éã課ãããšãã§ãããECã¯ãç£ç£åœå±ã®ååãèŠå¶ã»èª¿æ»ã»å¶è£ã»ç£ç£å®åã®é£æºãšèª¿åãå³ãããã®ã欧å·ç£ç£åœå±ãããã¯ãŒã¯(European Network of Supervisory Authorities)ããèšç«ãã14ã
EUåå€äŒæ¥ã«ã€ããŠã¯ããã®äŒæ¥ãæ¯åºã眮ãå çåœã®åœå±ã管èœåœå±ãšãªããäŒæ¥ãã©ã®å çåœã«ãæ¯åºãæããªãå ŽåããŸãã¯ç°ãªãè€æ°ã®å çåœã«æ¯åºãæã€å Žåã¯ãäŒæ¥ãEUåå ã®çŽå£²äžé«ã®å€§éšåãçã¿åºãå çåœã®åœå±ã管èœåœå±ãšãªã15ã
ããã«ãäŒæ¥ã¯ãæœåšçãªæªåœ±é¿ãé²ãããšããããã¯çŸã«çããŠããæªåœ±é¿ãé€å»ããããšãæ ã£ãçµæçããæ害ã«å¯ŸããŠæ°äºè²¬ä»»ãè² 16ã
5. ä»åŸã®å±æ
æ什æ¡ã¯ãæ¿èªãåŸããã欧å·è°äŒããã³æ¬§å·çäºäŒã«æåºãããäºå®ã§ãããæ¡æãããå Žåãå çåœã¯åœè©²æ什ã®çºå¹ãã2幎以å ã«åœå åããªããã°ãªããªãããããã£ãŠãEU倧äŒæ¥ããã³éEU倧äŒæ¥ã«ã€ããŠã¯ããã®æéå ã«ãã¥ãŒãã£ãªãžã§ã³ã¹çŸ©åãéµå®ããŠãããªããã°ãªããªããäžæ¹ãäºæ¥ãé«ãªã¹ã¯ã®åéã«è©²åœããããã«æ什ã®é©çšãåã¶äŒæ¥ã«é¢ããŠã¯ãæ什ã®çºå¹åŸ4幎以å ã«åœè©²çŸ©åãéµå®ããŠããå¿ èŠãããã
ãªããçºå±éäžåœãæ°èåœã«ããããã¥ãŒãã£ãªãžã§ã³ã¹ã®å®æœã¯ã欧å·ã®äŒæ¥ã«ãšã£ãŠè² æ ãšãªããããæ什æ¡ã¯å€§ããªè«è°ãåŒãã§ããããšã«ã泚æãå¿ èŠã§ããã
ãã£ãšããèŠåã®ããªã±ãŒããªæ§è³ªãšæ什æ¡ããããçŸåšã®è«äºãèæ ®ãããšãæ什æ¡ã¯2023幎ããåã«æç«ããå¯èœæ§ã¯äœããšèããããããããããšãæ©ããŠã倧äŒæ¥ã«å¯Ÿãããã¥ãŒãã£ãªãžã§ã³ã¹çŸ©åã¯2025幎ããã以å€ã®é«ãªã¹ã¯åéã®äŒæ¥ã«å¯Ÿãã矩åã¯2027幎以éã«çããããšã«ãªããããããåœç¶ãªããã察象ãšãªãåŸãäŒæ¥ã¯åãã£ãŠãã¥ãŒãã£ãªãžã§ã³ã¹çŸ©åãéµå®ããäœå¶ãæŽåããŠãããªããã°ãªããªãã
äŒæ¥ã®æç¶å¯èœæ§ãåäžãããããã®æ³æŽåã®åãã¯ãEUã«ãšã©ãŸããªãã2022幎3æ21æ¥ãç±³åœèšŒåžååŒå§å¡äŒã¯ãç°å¢ã瀟äŒãã¬ããã³ã¹ãïŒããããESGïŒäºé ã«é¢ããäŒæ¥ã®æç¶å¯èœæ§é瀺ã«é¢é£ããèæ¡ãçºè¡šãã17ããã®ããã«ãäŒæ¥ã«ESGã«é¢ãã矩åã課ãæµãã¯ãEUãç±³åœã§ä»åŸãç¶ããšèããããã
6. æ¥æ¬äŒæ¥ãžã®åœ±é¿
æ¥æ¬äŒæ¥ãç¹ã«EUåå ã§1å5åäžãŠãŒã以äžã®çŽå£²äžé«ãäžãã人暩䟵害ã®ãªã¹ã¯ã®ããåœã«ããªã¥ãŒãã§ãŒã³ãæã€äŒæ¥ã¯ããã¥ãŒãã£ãªãžã§ã³ã¹çŸ©åãéµå®ããããã®æŠç¥ãçšæããŠããå¿ èŠãããã
æ什æ¡ã®é©çšç¯å²å€ã®æ¥æ¬ã®ãµãã©ã€ã€ãŒã§ãã£ãŠãã欧å·äŒæ¥ã人暩ããã³æç¶å¯èœæ§ã«é¢ãããã¥ãŒãã£ãªãžã§ã³ã¹ãžã®ååãæ±ããŠããããšãæ³å®ããŠããå¿ èŠãããããŸãã競åä»ç€Ÿãšã®ååã®éã«ãªãœãŒã¹ãæ å ±ã®å ±æãå¿ èŠã«ãªã£ãå Žåãé©çšã®ãã競äºæ³ã«éåããªããã©ãããæ€èšããããšã¯å¿ èŠäžå¯æ¬ ã§ããã
æåŸã«ãæ什æ¡ã¯ãæ¥æ¬ãå«ãéEUè«žåœãåœå ã®äººæš©ã»ç°å¢ãã¥ãŒãã£ãªãžã§ã³ã¹æ³å¶ãæ€èšããéã®åèãšããŠå©çšããããšèãããããæ¥æ¬äŒæ¥ã«ãšã£ãŠãEUã®æ³å¶åºŠã®ååãææ¡ããããšã¯ãå°æ¥ã®æ¥æ¬ããã以å€ã®åœã®äººæš©ããã³ç°å¢é¢é£èŠå¶ã«åããäžã§ãæçšã§ããã
1Â European Commission, Proposal for a Directive on corporate sustainability due diligence and amending Directive (EU) 2019/1937, Brussels, 23.2.2022 COM (2022) 71 final
2 ããããçŽäºé±ç©èŠåïŒRegulation (EU) 2017/821 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 May 2017ïŒã¯ãçŽäºå°åããã³é«ãªã¹ã¯å°ååç£ã®é«ãã¿ã³ã¿ã«ãã¿ã³ã°ã¹ãã³ããããã®åé±ãããã³éã®EUèŒžå ¥æ¥è ã«å¯ŸããŠãµãã©ã€ãã§ãŒã³ã®ãã¥ãŒãã£ãªãžã§ã³ã¹çŸ©åã課ããŠããã
3 Regulation (EU) No 995/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 October 2010 ã¯æšæåã³æšæ補åãäžåžããäºæ¥è ã®çŸ©åãå®ããã
4 Directive 2014/95/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2014 amending Directive 2013/34/EUã¯å€§äŒæ¥ããã³ã°ã«ãŒãäŒæ¥ã«ããé財åæ å ±ããã³å€æ§æ§ã«é¢ããæ å ±ã®é瀺矩åãå®ããã
5 äŸãã°è±åœã®2015幎çŸä»£å¥Žé·æ³ãæããããã
6 ãã©ã³ã¹äŒæ¥ç£èŠçŸ©åæ³ã¯ãåŸæ¥å¡æ°ããã©ã³ã¹åœå ã§5,000人以äžããŸãã¯å šäžçã§10,000人以äžã®ãã©ã³ã¹äŒæ¥ããã³å€åœäŒæ¥ã®ãã©ã³ã¹åäŒç€Ÿã«é©çšãããã
7 ãã¬ã¹ãªãªãŒã¹ãå ¬æ£ã§æç¶å¯èœãªçµæžïŒæ¬§å·å§å¡äŒãã°ããŒãã«ãªããªã¥ãŒãã§ãŒã³ã«ããã人暩ããã³ç°å¢ä¿è·ã®ããã®äŒæ¥ã«å¯Ÿããã«ãŒã«ãçå®ã, 欧å·å§å¡äŒ, 2022幎2æ23æ¥ https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_22_1145
8 æ什æ¡ç¬¬1æ¡
9 æ什æ¡ç¬¬2æ¡
10 æ什æ¡ç¬¬4æ¡
11 ãããªã¥ãŒãã§ãŒã³ããšã¯ãäŒæ¥ã«ããååã®çç£ãŸãã¯ãµãŒãã¹ã®æäŸã«é¢é£ãã掻åã§ãååãŸãã¯ãµãŒãã¹ã®éçºãååã®äœ¿çšãšå»æ£ã«å ããåœè©²äŒæ¥ã確ç«ããååŒé¢ä¿ãæããäžæµããã³äžæµéšéã®é¢ä¿ãã諞掻åïŒthe related activities of upstream and downstream established business relationships of the companyïŒãå«ãŸãããšå®çŸ©ãããŠããïŒæ什æ¡ç¬¬3æ¡(g)ïŒã
12  æ什æ¡ç¬¬13æ¡
13 æ什æ¡ç¬¬25æ¡
14 æ什æ¡ç¬¬20æ¡ããã³21
15 æ什æ¡ç¬¬17æ¡
16 æ什æ¡ç¬¬22æ¡
17 米åœèšŒåžååŒå§å¡äŒ(SEC), Release Nos. 33-11042; 34-99478
ç±³åžæ³çãäŒæ¥ç¯çœªã®ææ»ããã³èšŽè¿œãžã®ãªãœãŒã¹ãå€§å¹ ã«æ¡å€§ãå¹æçãªã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ããã°ã©ã ã®éèŠæ§ã匷調
Julian L. André | Sarah E. Walters | Edward B. Diskant | Paul M. Thompson | Benton Curtis
2022幎3æ3æ¥ãç±³åœæ³æ¹åäŒã®ãã¯ã€ãã«ã©ãŒç¯çœªå¹Žæ¬¡å šåœå€§äŒïŒABA White Collar InstituteïŒã§è¡ãããè¬æŒã®äžã§ãç±³åžæ³çïŒDOJïŒã®Merrick Garlandé·å®ïŒAGïŒãšKenneth Polite Jråäºå±é·ïŒAAG) ã¯ãäŒæ¥ç¯çœªã®ææ»ã»èšŽè¿œã«é¢ããç±³åœåžæ³çïŒDOJïŒã®åãçµã¿åŒ·åã«ã€ããŠè¿°ã¹ãã
倧éã®ãªãœãŒã¹ãå¿ èŠãšãªããã®ãããªäºä»¶ãžã®åãçµã¿åŒ·åã®äžç°ãšããŠãGarlandé·å®ã¯ãæ°ãã«120人ã®æ€å¯å®ãš900人ã®FBIææ»å®ãéçšããèšç»ã§ãããšèª¬æããããŸãGarlandé·å®ãšPoliteåäºå±é·ã¯ãããŒã¿è§£æã®å©çšæ¡å€§ãªã©ã®ãå·è¡ã匷åããããã®å ·äœçãªæ¹çã«ã€ããŠãèšåãããæåŸã«ãå·è¡ã®å®è³ªçãªåªå é äœã®æŠç¥ã«å ããDOJã¯å人ã®è²¬ä»»ãéèŠããŠããããšã匷調ããGarlandé·å®ã¯ããäŒæ¥ã®å·šé¡ã®æ¯æããåãå ¥ããããšããããå人ã®æ眪å€æ±ºãåŸãããšããDOJã®ç¬¬äžç®æšã§ãããšç¹°ãè¿ãè¿°ã¹ãã
Garlandé·å®ãèŠåããããã«ãDOJã®ãã¯ã€ãã«ã©ãŒç¯çœªã®å·è¡ã«å¯Ÿããåãçµã¿ã¯ãããã³ãããã¯ãåæããã«ã€ããŠãããã«å éããDOJã®äŒæ¥ç¯çœªã«å¯Ÿããé¢å¿ããåã³é«ãŸã£ãŠãããããšã¯æããã§ããããããã£ãŠãäŒæ¥ã¯ãã®å·è¡ã®å¢å ã«åããŠãç©æ¥µçãªäºå察çãè¬ããŠããå¿ èŠãããã
äŒæ¥ç¯çœªã®å·è¡ãžã®å€§å¹ ãªè¿œå ãªãœãŒã¹
2021幎ãDOJã¯5,521人ã®å人ãããã¯ã€ãã«ã©ãŒãç¯çœªã§èµ·èšŽãããããã¯ã2020幎æ¯ã§10ïŒ ã®å¢å ãæå³ãããGarlandé·å®ã¯è¬æŒã®äžã§ãDOJã¯ä»åŸãäŒæ¥ç¯çœªã®åãç· ãŸã匷åã®ããã«ããã«å€ãã®ãªãœãŒã¹ãæå ¥ãããšçºè¡šãããå ·äœçã«ã¯ãDOJã¯ããã¯ã€ãã«ã©ãŒç¯çœªã«ç¹åãã120人ã®æ€å¯å®ãš900人ã®FBIææ»å®ãæ°ãã«éçšããããã®äºç®ãæºåããŠãããšãããDOJãå¿ èŠãªäºç®ãåŸãããã°ããããã®æ°ããæ€å¯å®ãšææ»å®ã«ãããå·è¡ãžã®åãçµã¿ãããã«å éãããããšãã§ããã ããã120人ã®æ€å¯å®ãšããã°ãå€ãã®é£éŠæ€äºå±ïŒäŒæ¥ç¯çœªã®å·è¡ãç¹ã«å€ãã®äººçè³æºãå¿ èŠãšãããã«ã¹ã±ã¢éšéã§ã®å·è¡ã掻çºã§ããããµãã¥ãŒã»ããå·ãå«ãïŒã®æ€å¯å®æ°ãããå€ãããŸã900人ã®FBIææ»å®ãšããã°ãæ¢åã®å€ãã®FBIå°æ¹å±ã®ææ»å®æ°ãäžåãæ°ã§ãããããã«ããDOJã¯æ°ãã«æ°å件ã®äŒæ¥ç¯çœªææ»ãè¡ãããšãã§ããã ããã
ããŒã¿åæã®å©çšæ¡å€§
éå»2幎éãDOJããã³ãã®ä»ã®é£éŠæ©é¢ã¯ãäŒæ¥ç¯çœªãç¹å®ã起蚎ããããã®é«åºŠãªããŒã¿åæããŒã«ã«å¯Ÿããä¿¡é Œãããã«é«ããŠãããGarlandé·å®ã¯ãããŒã¿è§£æãDOJã®ããäžã€ã®ãæ°å µåšããšããŠç¹ã«èšåãããDOJã«ããããŒã¿è§£æã®å©çšãä»åŸããã«æ¡å€§ããããšã¯çãã®äœå°ããªãã ããããšããããGarlandé·å®ã¯ããããŒã¿ãé§äœ¿ããäŒæ¥ç¯çœªäºä»¶ãå šåœèŠæš¡ã«ããïŒDOJã®ïŒèœåãããã«åŒ·åããããããæ°ããªFBIææ»çãåäºéšäžæ£å¯Ÿç課ã«ç·šå ¥ãããšçºè¡šãããDOJããä»ã®å·ãé£éŠæ¿åºæ©é¢ããã®èšå€§ãªããŒã¿ãå«ããããã°ããŒã¿ããžã®ä¿¡é Œãé«ããŠãããããäŒæ¥ã¯ãèªç€Ÿã®å éšã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹äœå¶ã匷åããããã®ããŒã¿åæã®ç©æ¥µç掻çšãã確å®ã«è¡ãå¿ èŠãããã
DOJãåªå çã«å·è¡ããåé
Garlandé·å®ãšPoliteåäºå±é·ã¯ãDOJã®ãã¯ã€ãã«ã©ãŒç¯çœªã®å·è¡ã«ãããããã€ãã®åªå äºé ã«ã€ããŠè¿°ã¹ããå»çè©æ¬ºã蚌åžè©æ¬ºãæµ·å€è æè¡çºé²æ¢æ³éåãªã©ã®åŸæ¥ããéèŠãããŠããåéã«å ããŠãäŒæ¥ã¯ä»¥äžã®åéã«ãããDOJã®ç£èŠåŒ·åãèŠèŸŒãã§ããå¿ èŠãããã
- åãã©ã¹ãïŒGarlandé·å®ã¯ãåãã©ã¹ãæ³éåãæ¿åºèª¿éã«ãããè«åã®çãã«å¯ŸãããDOJã®ç©æ¥µçãªææ»ã»èšŽè¿œã匷調ãããæšå¹ŽåºŠã®DOJåãã©ã¹ãå±ã¯ãéå»30幎éã§æå€ã®146件ã®å€§éªå¯©ã«ããææ»ãéå§ãã10瀟ã42人ã®å人ã«å¯Ÿãã18件ã®èµ·èšŽäºä»¶ã§å¯©çäžãŸãã¯å¯©çã®æºåäžã§ãããGarlandé·å®ã¯ä»¥åããåãã©ã¹ãæ³å·è¡ã®å掻æ§åãã¯DOJã®æåªå 課é¡ã§ãããšè¿°ã¹ãåãã©ã¹ãå±ã®9ïŒ ïŒ2åãã«ä»¥äžïŒã®äºç®å¢ãèŠæ±ããããã®ãããªå€§å¹ ãªè¿œå äºç®ã¯ãåãã©ã¹ãå±ã®çŸåšã®åªå åéã§ããæ¿åºèª¿éãåŽååžå Žãæ¶è²»è 補åããã«ã¹ã±ã¢ç£æ¥ã«ãããéåã«å¯Ÿããç©æ¥µçãªèšŽè¿œãæšé²ãããå ããŠããã®å€§äŒã«ãããå¥ã®è¬æŒã®äžã§ãåãã©ã¹ãå±ã®Richard Powersåäºå·è¡æ åœæ¬¡å®è£ã¯ãã·ã£ãŒãã³æ³ç¬¬2æ¡ïŒåžå Žç¬å çŠæ¢èŠå®ïŒéåã§çµå¶è å人ã®åäºè²¬ä»»ãè¿œåããæºåãé²ããŠãããšè¿°ã¹ãã第2æ¡äºä»¶ã®åäºåçºã¯ã極ããŠã¢ã°ã¬ãã·ãã§è°è«ã®ããã¢ãããŒãã§ãããåãã©ã¹ãå±ã¯ãæ°å幎ã®éè¡ã£ãŠããªãã
- COVID-19é¢é£äžæ£ïŒGarlandé·å®ã¯ãCOVID-19ã«é¢é£ããäžæ£è¡çºã«å¯ŸããDOJã®åãçµã¿ãç¹°ãè¿ã匷調ããããã€ãã³å€§çµ±é ãæè¿çºè¡šããããã«ãGarlandé·å®ã¯ãããã³ãããã¯é¢é£äžæ£å¯Ÿçã®å°éããŒã ãçãã䞻任æ€äºãæåãããäºå®ã§ããã䞻任æ€äºã¯ã2021幎5æã«çºè¡šãããCOVID-19é¢é£äžæ£å·è¡å¯Ÿçæ¬éšã®ä»äºããåºç€ã«çœ®ããŠã掻åããŠããããšã«ãªããè¿œå ã®ãã³ãããã¯é¢é£ã®èšŽè¿œãææ»ã¯ä»åŸæ°å¹Žéç¶ããšèŠããããã®é©çšç¯å²ãè€éããå¢ãå¯èœæ§ãããã
- ä»®æ³é貚ïŒPoliteåäºå±é·ã¯ããæ°èä»®æ³é貚åéãããå人ã®è¢«å®³è ãç¹ã«ãä»ã®åžå Žåå è ã«å©çšããããã ãåéã«æãããPoliteåäºå±é·ã¯ãæè¿ã24åãã«ã®ãã³ãžã»ã¹ããŒã ïŒåºè³éè©æ¬ºïŒã®çãã«ããä»®æ³é貚ãã©ãããã©ãŒã BitConnectåµèšè ã®èµ·èšŽã«ã€ããŠã觊ããããã®çºèšã¯ãç±³åœèšŒåžååŒå§å¡äŒïŒSECïŒãéèç¯çœªå·è¡ãããã¯ãŒã¯ïŒFinCENïŒãå åœæ³å ¥åºïŒIRSïŒããã®ä»ã®é£éŠæ©é¢ãæšå¹Žäžã«ä»®æ³é貚ã«é¢ããå·è¡ãšèŠå¶æŽ»åãå¢å ãããããšã«ç¶ããã®ã§ãããDOJãäŸç¶ãšããŠä»®æ³é貚åéã«ç §æºãåãããŠããããšã瀺åããŠããã
DOJã®å人責任ã®ç¶ç¶çéèŠ
Garlandé·å®ãšPoliteåäºå±é·ã®æèŠã¯ãäŒæ¥ç¯çœªã«ãããŠå人ã®è²¬ä»»ã確å®ã«è¿œåãããšããDOJã®åãçµã¿ã«ç¹ã«éç¹ã眮ããŠãããGarlandé·å®ã¯ããäŒæ¥ã®åäºäºä»¶ã«ãããDOJã®æåªå äºé ã¯ãäŒæ¥ã®äžæ£è¡çºãå®è¡ããããã«ããå©çãåŸãå人ã起蚎ããããšã§ããããšè¿°ã¹ããPoliteåäºå±é·ã¯ãDOJ㯠ãäŒæ¥ç¯çœªã«è²¬ä»»ã®ããå人ãæ³åŸäžå¯èœãªç¯å²ã§æ倧é蚎远ããããšãåªå ããããšææããã
ãå人ã®è²¬ä»»ãã¯ä»¥åããDOJã®é£éŠèšŽè¿œè«žååã®æ žã§ãã£ãããåæ¿æš©äžã§äŒæ¥ç¯çœªã«ãããå人ã®èšŽè¿œãæžå°ããŠãããããGarlandé·å®ãšPoliteåäºå±é·ã®çºèšã¯æ³šç®ã«å€ãããã®ã§ãã£ããGarlandé·å®ã¯ããäŒæ¥ããã®å·šé¡ã®çœ°éã®æ¯æããåãå ¥ããã®ã§ã¯ãªããå人ã®æ眪å€æ±ºãåŸãããšã¯å°é£ã§ãªãœãŒã¹ãå¿ èŠãšããéã§ããããšèªãã€ã€ããã®ãããªèšŽè¿œãæåãããããã«å¿ èŠãªãªãœãŒã¹ãçµéãããããšãéèŠã§ãããšèª¬æããã
ãŸããGarlandé·å®ãšPoliteåäºå±é·ã¯ãååã«ããåã®æžè»œãåããããã®èŠä»¶ã«ã€ããŠããæ¹ããŠåŒ·èª¿ãããããªãã¡ãåã®æžè»œã®ããã«ã¯ãäŒæ¥ã¯DOJã«ããè·äœãè³æ Œã幎åã«é¢ä¿ãªããããåé¡ãšãªã£ãŠããäžæ£è¡çºã«é¢äžããããããã¯è²¬ä»»ãè² ããã¹ãŠã®å人ãã«é¢ããããã¹ãŠã®éç§å¿ç¹æš©æ å ±ããDOJã«æäŸããªããã°ãªããªãããã®èŠä»¶ã¯æšå¹Žç§ã«Lisa Monacoå¯é·å®ïŒDAGïŒã«ãã£ãŠåããŠçºè¡šãããã¬ãŒã©ã³ãåžæ³é·å®ã¯ããã®èŠä»¶ãšåäºåŒè·å£«ãDOJã®ãæ°å µåšããšè¡šçŸãããDOJã¯çŸåšãäŒæ¥ãšãã®åŒè·å£«ã«å¯ŸããŠããäžæ£è¡çºã«é¢äžããå šå¡ããããããã¬ãã«ã§ãæŽãããã話ã ãããšãæ±ããŠãããããã¯ãåœè©²äžæ£è¡çºã«ãå®è³ªçã«ãé¢äžãããšäŒæ¥ãèããå人ã«ã€ããŠã®ã¿ãæ å ±é瀺ãèŠæ±ããŠããåæ¿æš©ãšç°ãªãç¹ã§ããã
ãŸãšã
äŒæ¥ç¯çœªã«å¯ŸããDOJã®ç¹å¥ãªãªãœãŒã¹ã®å€§å¹ ãªæ¡å€§ã«ããïŒãããŠGarlandé·å®ã®ãã®åéã§ã®å·è¡ãžã®æ確ãªã³ãããã¡ã³ãã«ããïŒãå¹æçãªäŒæ¥ã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ãã©ã³ããŸããŸãéèŠã«ãªã£ãŠããããšã¯èšããŸã§ããªãã2021幎ç§ãMonacoå¯é·å®ã¯ã»ã«ãã¢ãã¿ãªã³ã°ã®éèŠæ§ãæ¹ããŠåŒ·èª¿ããã2017幎ã«åããŠå æ¬çãªã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ã¬ã€ãã³ã¹ãçºè¡ããŠä»¥æ¥ãDOJã¯ãŸããŸããã®ã»ã«ãã»ã¢ãã¿ãªã³ã°ãéèŠããåŸåã«ãããPoliteåäºå±é·ã¯2022幎3æ3æ¥ã«ãã®ç¹ãå床匷調ããäŒæ¥ã®ã³ã³ãã©ã€ã¢ã³ã¹ã»ããã°ã©ã ãè©äŸ¡ããéã«DOJãäœãéèŠããŠãããã«ã€ããŠããããªãæéã瀺ããã
- DOJã¯ããããåŸæ¥å¡ããåå¥ã®å«çç課é¡ã«çŽé¢ãããšããæ£ããéžæãããããã®æè²ãèšç·Žãåããèœåã身ã«çããŠããããšç¢ºå®ã«ãããããããããæ段ãå°œãããŠãããã©ããããèæ ®ããã
- äžç¥¥äºãèµ·ãããšããDOJã¯ãäŒæ¥ãåé¡ããçŽã¡ã«çºèŠãæ¯æ£ããé¢ä¿è ãåŠåããä»ã®è ãåæ§ã®äžç¥¥äºãèµ·ãããªããã察å¿ããã·ã¹ãã ããåããŠãããã©ãããè©äŸ¡ããã
- CEOãäžæ£ã«é¢äžããŠããªãå Žåã§ããäŒæ¥ãããããã®äº€ä»£ãå¿ èŠãã©ãããæ€èšãããçŸåšã®çµå¶é£ã ãåŸæ¥å¡ã«å¯ŸããŠå«ç芳ã«æ¬ ãè¡åã®æš¡ç¯ã瀺ããŠããªãããéšäžãäŒç€Ÿã®å©çãæå³ããŠäžæ£ãè¡ããããªç°å¢ãéžæããŠããªãããå人ã®ç¯çœªãæç¥ã§ããªããããªè匱ãªå éšçµ±å¶ã蚱容ããŠããªããããåæããããšãDOJã¯æ±ããŠããã
çµæžååéçºæ©æ§ïŒOECDïŒã第2ã®æ±ãã®æŠèŠ
Brian H. Jenn | Annette Keller | Dr. Dirk Pohl | James Ross | Andrea Tempestini | Antoine Vergnat | Romain Desmonts
2021幎12æã«å ¬è¡šããããçµæžååéçºæ©æ§(OECD)/G20ã®ã°ããŒãã«çšæºæµžé£é²æ¢(GloBE : Global Anti-Base Erosionã第2ã®æ±ã)ã¢ãã«èŠåã¯ãçµæžã®ããžã¿ã«åããçããåœé課çšäžã®é·æç課é¡ã«å¯ŸåŠãããã®ã§ãããåœè©²ãã¢ãã«èŠåããæœè¡ãããå Žåãè€éãªæ°åœé課çšã«ãŒã«ãå°å ¥ãããæµ·å€ããæè³ãèªèŽããããååœãè¡ã£ãŠããçšå¶åªéæªçœ®ã®æ©æµãç¡å¹ãšãªããããå€åœç±äŒæ¥ã°ã«ãŒãã«éåžžã«å€§ããªåœ±é¿ãåã¶ããšã«ãªãã
2015幎以æ¥ãããžã¿ã«åããçãã課çšäžã®èª²é¡ãžã®å¯ŸåŠã¯ãOECD/G20ã®ãçšæºæµžé£ãšå©ç移転(BEPS : Base Erosion and Profit Shifting)å æçæ çµã¿ãã®åªå äºé ã§ããããå æçæ çµã¿ãå çåœãã2æ¬ã®æ±ãããªãé·æçãªè§£æ±ºçãæ€èšããããšã«åæåŸãã第1ã®æ±ãåã³ã第2ã®æ±ãã«ä¿ããäœæ¥èšç»ãã¯2019幎åã°ã«æ¡æããã2021幎7æã«G20財å倧è£äŒåã«ãã£ãŠæ¿èªãããã2021幎11æ4æ¥æç¹ã§ãã2æ¬ã®æ±ãããªã解決çãã«é¢ãã声æã«ã¯ãOECD/G20ã®ãBEPSå æçæ çµã¿ãå çåœ140ã«åœã®ãã¡ãäžçã®GDPã®90%以äžãå ãã137ã®åœã»å°åãåå ããããšã«åæããŠãããã第1ã®æ±ãã¯ã課çšæš©ã®åé åãšåœé課çšå¶åºŠã®å®å®ãèŠèŸŒããã®ã§ãããã第2ã®æ±ãã¯ããã€ãã®ãªã©ãã»ã·ã§ã«ãå¯éŠçžå Œè²¡å倧è£(åœæ)ãšãã©ã³ã¹ã®ããªã¥ãã»ã«ã»ã¡ãŒã«çµæžè²¡å倧è£ã«ãã£ãŠææ¡ããããã®ã ããç¹å®ã®å€åœç±äŒæ¥ã«å¯ŸããŠ2023幎ãã15%ã®äžççãªæäœæ³äººçšçã課ããã®ã§ããã
ã第2ã®æ±ãã®äž»èŠåŽé¢ã¯ã2020幎ã«å ¬è¡šãããéåç(Blueprint)ã§ãã§ã«æ瀺ãããŠããã2021幎12æã«å ¬è¡šããããã¢ãã«èŠåãã¯ãã®è©³çŽ°ãè¿œå ãããã®ã ããå®åé¢ã«é¢ããèšè¿°ã¯éå®çã§ããããã®ç¹ã2022幎åé ã«ãã¢ãã«èŠåãã«é¢ãã泚é(Commentary)ãå ¬è¡šãããäºå®ã§ãããããæ確åãããããšãæåŸ ãããã
ããæ·±ã
ã第2ã®æ±ãã®å šäœå
ã第2ã®æ±ãã¯ãåœå¥å ±åæž(CbCR : Country-by-Country Reporting)ãšåæ§ã幎é売äžé«ã7å5000äžãŠãŒããè¶ ããå€åœç±äŒæ¥ã°ã«ãŒãã«é©çšãããããã°ã«ãŒãããšã¯ãé£çµè²¡åè«žè¡šãäœæãããäŒæ¥éå£ãæããé£çµåäŒç€Ÿã®ãããªæ§æäºæ¥äœ(CE : Constituent Entity)ãæä¹ çæœèš(PE : Permanent Establishment)ã®ã»ããç±³åœã§ã¯èª²çšå¯Ÿè±¡ãšããŠåãæ±ãããªããã¿ãªãäºæ¥äœ(Disregarded Entity)ã«ãé©çšãããã
第2ã®æ±ã¯ãç¬ç«ãã2ã€ã®ã«ãŒã«ããæ§æãããïŒ
- ã°ããŒãã«çšæºæµžé£é²æ¢ã«ãŒã«(GloBEã«ãŒã«)ãæåŸåç®ã«ãŒã«(IIR : Income Inclusion Rule)åã³è»œèª²çšæ¯æã«ãŒã«(UTPR : Undertaxed Payments Rules)ã®2ã€ããæ§æãããå¿ èŠã«å¿ãã¹ã€ãããªãŒããŒã«ãŒã«(SOR : Switchover Rule)ã«ããè£å®ãããã
- 課çšå¯Ÿè±¡ã«ãŒã«(STTR : Subject To Tax Rule)ãçšæºæµžé£ã®ãªã¹ã¯ãé«ããšã¿ãªããããäžå®ã®é¢é£è éã®æ¯æã«å¯Ÿããæäœçšçã
äž¡è ã®é¢ä¿ã«ã€ããŠã¯ãSTTRã§èª²ãããããããã¢ããçš(Top-up Tax)ããGloBEã«ãŒã«ã®å®å¹çšçã®èšç®ã«ãããŠèæ ®ãããããšãããSTTRãGloBEã«ãŒã«ã«åªå ããã
GloBEã«ãŒã«ã®æ§æèŠçŽ ã¯ä»¥äžã®ãšããã§ããïŒ
- IIRã¯ãäœèª²çšåœã«æåšããæ§æäºæ¥äœã®æåŸã«ã€ããŠãçŽæ¥ãŸãã¯éæ¥ã«ãã®æåãæããæçµèŠªäºæ¥äœ(UPE : Ultimate Parent Entity)ã«å¯Ÿãããã®æåå²åã«å¿ããŠãããã¢ããçšã課ããã®ã§ãããå®å¹çšç15ïŒ ãäžéãšããè¿œå 課çšãçãããå± äœå°åœèª²çšã«ãŒã«ã§ãããããããªããããã¢ãã«èŠåãã«ä»èšãããšãIIRåã³UTPRã®äžã§æ¯æãã¹ããããã¢ããçšã¯ãé©æ Œåœå æäœãããã¢ããçš(QDMTT : Qualified Domestic Minimum Top-Up Tax)ãããªãã¡GloBEã«ãŒã«ãæš¡ãããã®åœã»å°åã®æ³åŸã§å®æœãããåœå æäœèª²çšãæ§é€ãããã®ãšãªããããæºæ³å°åœã¯åŒãç¶ããåœå ã§çããæåŸã«å¯Ÿããåªå çã«15%ã®çšçã§èª²çšããããšãéžæã§ãããIIRã¯æçµèŠªäºæ¥äœã«åªå çã«é©çšãããæçµèŠªäºæ¥äœã®æåšå°ã§IIRãå°å ¥ãããŠããªãå Žåã«ã¯ãã®å®å šåäŒç€Ÿãšããããã«ãæææš©é£éã«åŸããã®äžã®æ§æäºæ¥äœã«é©çšãããã
- IIRã¯ãç§çšæ¡çŽã«åºã¥ãSORã«ãã£ãŠè£å®ãããããSORã¯ãPEåž°å±æåŸã«IIRãé©çšããããã«å¿ èŠãªéãã«ãããŠãåœå€æåŸå é€æ¹åŒããå€åœçšé¡æ§é€æ¹åŒã«åãæ¿ããããšãèš±ããã®ã§ãããããã«ãããå é€å¯Ÿè±¡ã®PEãšæµ·å€åäŒç€Ÿã®åãæ±ããGloBEã«ãŒã«ã®äžã§å¹³çã«ãªãã
- UTPRã¯IIRã®ããã¯ã¹ããããšããŠæ©èœããIIRã«ãã£ãŠãäœèª²çšåœã®æäœå®å¹çšçã15%ã«è³ãããããšãã§ããªãå Žåã«å¯ŸåŠãããã®ã§ã(äœèª²çšåœã§ã®)軜課çšæåŸã«å¯Ÿãã課çšæš©ããæçµèŠªäºæ¥äœã®æåšå°ãšã¯ç°ãªãåœã»å°åã«å²ãåœãŠããã®ã§ããã
STTRã¯ãGloBEã«ãŒã«ãè£å®ãããã®ã§ã軜æžãããåç®çšçã«ãŠãåé åœã»å°åã§èª²çšããããé¢é£è éã®æ¯æãã察象ãšããç§çšæ¡çŽã§ãããäžè¿°ãããšãããSTTRã¯GloBEã«ãŒã«ã«å ç«ã£ãŠé©çšãããæºæ³å°åœã«åªå ç課çšæš©ãäžããããšãããGloBEã«ãŒã«ã«å¯Ÿããäºå®äžã®åªå ã«ãŒã«ãšãªãããŸããæºæ³å°åœã»å°åã«ãšã£ãŠãå± äœå°åœåŽã®èª²çšã«ãŒã«ã§ããIIRã«å¯ŸããããçšåºŠã®ã«ãŠã³ã¿ãŒãŠã§ã€ããšããŠã®æ©èœãæãããç· çµåœæåšã®äºæ¥äœãããå¥ã®ç· çµåœæåšã®ã°ã«ãŒãäºæ¥äœã«å¯Ÿããé¢é£è éæ¯æããè¡ãããå Žåã«æ©èœããæºæ³å°åœã¯ãã°ãã¹é¡ã«å¯Ÿããããã¢ããçšãšåé¡ãæºæ³åŸŽåããããšãã§ããã
ã第2ã®æ±ãïŒGloBEã«ãŒã«ãããæ·±ã
é©çšå¯Ÿè±¡
GloBEã«ãŒã«ã¯ã(1)å€åœç±äŒæ¥ã°ã«ãŒãã«å±ãã(2)é£çµè²¡åè«žè¡šäžã®å¹Žé売äžé«ãã察象幎床ã®çŽåã®4äºæ¥å¹ŽåºŠã®ãã¡2äºæ¥å¹ŽåºŠã«ãããŠ7å5000äžãŠãŒã以äžã®å Žåãé©çšãããã(1)æçµèŠªäºæ¥äœã®æåšå°ãšç°ãªãåœã»å°åã«åäŒç€Ÿè¥ããã¯PEãæããªããåã¯(2)売äžé«ã®éŸå€ãæºãããªãäŒæ¥ã°ã«ãŒãã«ã¯ãé©çšãããªãã
ãŸãã(1)幎éåºéã(2)æçµèŠªäºæ¥äœã§ããæè³ãã¡ã³ãåã¯äžåç£æè³ããŒã¯ã«ã(3)éå¶å©å£äœãåã³(4)æ¿åºæ©é¢åã³åœéæ©é¢ã¯é©çšãé€å€ãããã
GloBEã«ãŒã«ã®é©çš
GloBEã«ãŒã«ã¯ã以äžã®ã¹ãããã«æ²¿ã£ãŠé©çšãããïŒ
- å®å¹çšçã®èšç®
- ãããã¢ããçšã®èšç®
- ãããã¢ããçšè² æ è ã®æ±ºå®
å®å¹çšçã®èšç®
第äžã«ãåæ§æäºæ¥äœã¯ãGloBEæåŸ(æ倱)ã決å®ããå¿ èŠãããããã®åºçºç¹ã¯ã(ã°ã«ãŒãå ååŒãæ¶å»ããåã®)æçµèŠªäºæ¥äœã®é£çµè²¡åè«žè¡šã«èšèŒããããåæ§æäºæ¥äœã®å©ç(æ倱)ã§ããã
æ§æäºæ¥äœã®äŒèšäžã®å©ç(æ倱)ã¯ãäŒèšãšçšåäžã®å·®ç°ãé€ããããé åœéã®é€å€ãæ ªåŒæçã®é€å€ãé察称ã®çºæ¿å·®æçãé幎床誀謬åã³äŒèšååã®å€æŽãšãã£ãé ç®ã«ã€ãã調æŽãå¿ èŠãšãªããGloBEæåŸã«ã¯ã4幎以å ã«éä»å¯èœãªçšé¡æ§é€(é©æ Œéä»å¯èœçšé¡æ§é€QRTC : Qualified Refundable Tax Credits)ãå«ãŸããäžæ¹ã§ãæ¡ä»¶ãæºãããªãçšé¡æ§é€ã¯é€å€ãããããŸããåœéæµ·éæ¥æåŸãGloBEæåŸç®å®ã®å¯Ÿè±¡ããé€å€ãããã詳现ã¯ãã¢ãã«èŠåã第3ç« ãåç §ããããã
ãã¢ãã«èŠåã第4ç« ã¯ãGloBEæåŸã«å¯Ÿããçšã®èšç®ã«ã€ããŠå®ããŠããã察象ç§çšã¯ã財åè«žè¡šã«èšäžãããå©çã«å¯Ÿããçšã§ãããé åœå©çãã¿ãªãå©çé åœã«ä¿ãçšãå«ãŸãããæ§æäºæ¥äœã®æåä¿æè ã«ãããŠçºçããçšããCFCçšå¶(å€åœåäŒç€Ÿåç®çšå¶)ã«ããçšã¯ãGloBEã«ãŒã«äžãæ§æäºæ¥äœã«é 賊ããããäžæå·®ç°ã«ã€ããŠã¯ã繰延çšéã®äŒèšäžã®æŠå¿µãã調æŽã®ããã§èæ ®ãããŠãã(äŸãã°ã繰延çšéè² åµèšäžã¯15%ãäžéã§ã5幎以å ã«æ¯æãããªãã£ã繰延çšéè² åµã«ã¯ãåèªèã«ãŒã«ãé©çš)ããã®äžæ¹ã§ãæ倱ã«ã€ããŠã¯ãç°¡çŽ åãããGloBEæ倱繰è¶ã«ãŒã«ãéžæããããšãå¯èœã§ããã
å®å¹çšçã¯ãåœã»å°åããŒã¹ã§èšç®ããã察象ç§çšãåœè©²åœã»å°åã®GloBEçŽæåŸ(ããªãã¡ãåœè©²åœã»å°åå ã®å šæ§æäºæ¥äœã®GloBEæåŸãšåœè©²åœã»å°åå ã®å šæ§æäºæ¥äœã®GloBEæ倱ã®å·®)ã§å²ã£ããã®ã§ãããæ§æäºæ¥äœãæåšããåœã»å°åã®çšå¶åªéå¶åºŠã¯ã察象ç§çšãæžé¡ãããã®ã®ãå®å¹çšçèšç®ã«ãããåæ¯ã«ã¯åœ±é¿ãäžããªããããçµæãå®å¹çšçãäžããããšã«ãªã(ãããŠãäžå®ã®æ¡ä»¶ãæºããã°ããããã¢ããçšã«ãã£ãŠå®å šã«ãããã¯éšåçã«çžæ®ºãããããšãšãªã)ã
ãããã¢ããçšã®èšç®
ãããã¢ããçšçã¯ãæäœçšç15%ãšå¯Ÿè±¡åœã»å°åã®å®å¹çšçãšã®å·®ã§ãããããã«å¯Ÿè±¡åœã»å°åã§ã®ãã°ã«ãŒãã®è¶ éå©çããä¹ãããã®ããã察象åœã»å°åã®QDMTTãæžç®ãããã®ããã°ã«ãŒãã®ãããã¢ããçšãšãªãããã°ã«ãŒãã®è¶ éå©çããšã¯ãã°ã«ãŒãã®GloBEæåŸãããå®äœã«åºã¥ãæåŸæ§é€(SBIE : Substance-Based Income Exclusion)ããé€å€ãããã®ã§ããããå®äœã«åºã¥ãæåŸæ§é€ããšã¯ã察象åœã»å°åã«ãããæ圢è³ç£ã®åž³ç°¿äŸ¡æ Œ5%ã«çµŠäžã³ã¹ã5%ã足ãããã®ã«çžåœããã詳现ã¯ããã¢ãã«èŠåã第5ç« ãåç §ããããã
ãããã¢ããçšè² æ è ã®æ±ºå®
åæ§æäºæ¥äœãæåšããããããã®åœã»å°åã®ã°ã«ãŒãã®ãããã¢ããçšãèšç®åŸããããã¢ããçšã®è² æ è ã決ããå¿ èŠããããIIRã®åºæ¬ã«ãŒã«ã¯ããããã¢ããçšã®æçµèŠªäºæ¥äœãžã®é©çšã§ãããæçµèŠªäºæ¥äœã¯ãäœèª²çšåœã«æåšããæ§æäºæ¥äœã®æåã«å¿ããŠãããã¢ããçšãæ¯æããæçµèŠªäºæ¥äœæåšã®åœã»å°åãIIRãå°å ¥ããŠããªãå Žåã¯ãIIRãå°å ¥ããŠããåœã»å°åã«æåšããæææš©é£éã®æäžäœã®äžé芪äºæ¥äœã«é©çšãããã
ãã®ãããããŠã³æ¹åŒã®äŸå€ãšããŠãåå²æåã«ãŒã«(split ownership rule)ããããããã¯ãäžéäºæ¥äœãã°ã«ãŒãå€ã®è ã«ãã£ãŠ20%以äžä¿æãããŠããå Žåã芪äºæ¥äœã«ä»£ãã£ãŠåœè©²äžéäºæ¥äœã«IIRãé©çšããããšãããã®ã§ããããã£ãšãããã®åå²æåã«ãŒã«ã¯ãäžéäºæ¥äœããIIRã®é©çšãåããè ã«ããçŽæ¥ã»éæ¥çã«å®å šã«ææãããŠããå Žåã«ã¯é©çšãããªãã
äžè¿°ãããšãããIIRã¯ç§çšæ¡çŽã«åºã¥ãSORã«ãã£ãŠè£å®ãããããSORã¯ãPEåž°å±æåŸã«IIRãé©çšããããã«å¿ èŠãªéãã«ãããŠãåœå€æåŸå é€æ¹åŒããå€åœçšé¡æ§é€æ¹åŒã«åãæ¿ããããšãèš±ããã®ã§ããã
IIRé©çšåŸããããã¢ããçšã®è² æ ãçããå ŽåãUTPRãããã¯ã¹ããããšããŠé©çšããããé©çšäŸãšããŠã¯ã(1)äœèª²çšåœã«æåšããæ§æäºæ¥äœããIIRãå°å ¥ãããŠããªãåœã«æåšããäºæ¥äœã«ãã£ãŠçŽæ¥ã»éæ¥çã«ææãããŠããå Žåãã(2)æçµèŠªäºæ¥äœãäœèª²çšåœã«æåšããå Žå(ã€ãŸããIIRã®é©çšãåããäºæ¥äœãæææš©é£éã«ååšããªãå Žå)ãªã©ãèããããã
UTPRã¯ã(åœå æ³ã«åºã¥ãæéç®å ¥ã®åŠèªãåçã®èª¿æŽãšãã£ã)åäŒç€Ÿã¬ãã«ã§ã®èª²çšå¢å ãšããä»çµã¿ãéããŠæ©èœããããããã¢ããçšã¯ãUTPRãå°å ¥ãããŠããåœã»å°åã«ãããã°ã«ãŒãã®æ圢è³ç£é¡ãšåŸæ¥å¡æ°ãããšã«ãååœã»å°åã«é 賊ãããããã®2ã€ã®èŠçŽ ã¯åçã«éèŠãããã
IIRãšUTPRã«é¢ãã詳现ã¯ããã¢ãã«èŠåã第2ç« ãåç §ããããã
ã«ãŒãã¢ãŠããšç§»è¡ã«ãŒã«
ãã¢ãã«èŠåã第9ç« ã¯ãããã€ãã®ç§»è¡ã«ãŒã«ãèšå®ããŠããã
ãã®äžã€ããåœé掻åã®åæ段éã«ããã°ã«ãŒãã«ã€ããŠã®UTPRã®é©çšé€å€ã§ãããåœé掻åã®åæ段éã«ããã°ã«ãŒããšã¯ãæ圢è³ç£é¡ãæãé«ãåœã»å°å以å€ã®åœã»å°åã«ãããå šæ圢è³ç£é¡ã5000äžãŠãŒããè¶ ããããã€ã掻ååœã»å°åã6ã«åœä»¥å ã§ããã°ã«ãŒããæãããã®äŸå€èŠå®ã¯ãã°ã«ãŒããæåã«GloBEã«ãŒã«ã®å¯Ÿè±¡ãšãªã£ãŠãã5幎éé©çšããããGloBEã«ãŒã«ã®çºå¹æã«å¯Ÿè±¡ãšãªãã°ã«ãŒãã«ã€ããŠã¯ãUTPRã«ãŒã«ã®çºå¹æ¥ãèµ·ç®æ¥ãšãªãã
ããã«ãäžè¿°ã®ãšããããå®äœã«åºã¥ãæåŸæ§é€ããèŠå®ãããŠãããããã¯ã察象åœã»å°åã®æ圢è³ç£ã®åž³ç°¿äŸ¡æ Œ5%ã«çµŠäžã³ã¹ã5%ã足ãããã®ã«çžåœããã10幎ã®ç§»è¡æéäžã¯ãæ圢è³ç£ã®åž³ç°¿äŸ¡é¡8ïŒ ãšçµŠäžã®10ïŒ ãæ§é€ãããæ圢è³ç£åã³çµŠäžãšãæåã®5幎éã¯æ¯å¹Ž0.2%ãæ®ãã®5幎éã¯æ圢è³ç£ãæ¯å¹Ž0.4%ã絊äžã¯æ¯å¹Ž0.8%æžé¡ãããã
GloBEã«ãŒã«ã¯ãŸããã°ã«ãŒãã®å£²äžã1000äžãŠãŒãæªæºãã€å©çã100äžãŠãŒãæªæºã®åœã§ã¯ãããããã¹é€å€(de minimis exclusion)ãèšããŠããã
 GILTIçšå¶ãšã®å ±å
çŸåšãç±³åœã®ã°ããŒãã«è»œèª²çšç¡åœ¢è³ç£æåŸèª²çšå¶åºŠ(GILTIçšå¶ : Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income)ãã®ä»ã®æåŸåç®å¶åºŠããGloBEã«ãŒã«ã®ç®çã«åèŽããŠãããã©ãããæ€èšãããŠãããOECDã¯ãå ¬å¹³ãªç«¶äºæ¡ä»¶ã確ä¿ãããããGILTIçšå¶ãšGloBEã«ãŒã«ãå ±åããæ¡ä»¶ãæ€èšãããšè¿°ã¹ãŠããããããããGILTIçšå¶ãæ¹æ£ãããååœããšã«æäœå®å¹çšç15%ãé©çšãããããã«ãªããªãéããGILTIçšå¶ãé©æ ŒIIRãšã¿ãªãããããšã¯ãªãããã«æãããããçŸæç¹ã§ãã®èŠéãã¯ç«ããªããçŸè¡ã®GILTIçšå¶ãæ¹æ£ãããªãå Žåãç±³åœã«èŠªäºæ¥äœãæã€ã°ã«ãŒãã¯ãå€åœåäŒç€Ÿã®ãããã¢ããçšã«ã€ããŠUTPRã®é©çšãåããããšã«ãªãã ããã
ããã«ãGILTIçšå¶ãæ¹æ£ãããå Žåã§ãã£ãŠããç±³åœèŠªäŒç€Ÿãã¿ãªãäºæ¥äœããããã¯ãã®å€åœæ¯åºã®ãããã¢ããçšã«ã€ããŠã¯ãä»åœUTPRã®é©çšãåããããšã«ãªããšæãããã
é©çšäŸ
以äžã®ãããªã·ããªãªãä»®å®ãã< :
A瀟ã¯æçµèŠªäŒç€Ÿãšã¿ãªããB瀟åã³C瀟ã¯ãã®å®å šåäŒç€Ÿã§ããã
1. Båœã«ãããå®å¹çšçã®èšç®1
- Båœã§ã®GloBEæåŸ : 100 (120-10 â B瀟 äŒèšå©çïŒB瀟 é åœéåã³æ ªåŒæç)
- Bã§ã®å¯Ÿè±¡ç§çš : 10
- Båœå®å¹çšç : 10% (10/100ãBåœã§ã®å¯Ÿè±¡ç§çš/ Båœã§ã®GloBEæåŸ)
2. ãããã¢ããçšã®èšç®
- ãããã¢ããçšç: 5% (15%-10% â GloBEæäœçšç â Båœå®å¹çšç)
- Båœã§ã®ãå®äœã«åºã¥ãæåŸæ§é€ã: 20 (5%*100 + 5%*300 â B瀟絊äžã³ã¹ãã®5% + B瀟æ圢è³ç£ã®5%)
- Båœã§ã®ãã°ã«ãŒãã®è¶ éå©çã : 80 (100 â 20 â Båœã§ã®GloBEæåŸ â Båœã§ã®ãå®äœã«åºã¥ãæåŸæ§é€ã)
- ãããã¢ããçš (QDMTTãªã2) : 4 (5%*80 â ãããã¢ããçšç* Båœã§ã®ç€Ÿãã°ã«ãŒãã®è¶ éå©çã)
- æçµãããã¢ããçš (QDMTTãã) : 3.2 [4-(1%*80) â ãããã¢ããçš â QDMTT]
3. ãããã¢ããçšè² æ è ã®æ±ºå®
ãããã¢ããçšãè² æ ããäºæ¥äœã¯ä»¥äžã®ããã«æ±ºå®ãããã
- AåœãIIRå°å ¥æžã¿ã®å Žåâ IIRã«ããA瀟ããããã¢ããçš(3.2)ãè² æ
- AåœãIIRæªå°å ¥ã®å ŽåâUTPRã«ããC瀟ããããã¯B瀟ãšC瀟 ããããã¢ããçšãè² æ (以äžåç §)
4. UTPRã¡ã«ããºã
- ã·ããªãªA â> Cåœã®ã¿ãUTPRå°å
¥æžã¿ã®å Žå
- C瀟ããããã¢ããçš(3.2)ãè² æ
- ã·ããªãªB â> BåœãCåœãUTPRå°å ¥æžã¿ã®å Žå
Båœã«ãããUTPRããŒã»ã³ããŒãž: 48.75% (50%*30/80 + 50%*300/500 â50% * Båœã«ãããåŸæ¥å¡æ°/UTPRãå°å ¥ããŠããå šãŠã®åœã«ãããåŸæ¥å¡æ° + Båœã«ãããæ圢è³ç£/ UTPRãå°å ¥ããŠããå šãŠã®åœã«ãããæ圢è³ç£)
Cåœã«ãããUTPRããŒã»ã³ããŒãž: 51.25% (50%*50/80 + 50%*200/500)
- B瀟ãè² æ ãããããã¢ããçš : 1.56 (3.2*48.75%)
- C瀟ãè² æ ãããããã¢ããçš : 1.64 (3.2*51.25%)
次ã®ã¹ããã
äžè¿°ãããšããã2022幎åé ã«ãã¢ãã«èŠåãã«é¢ãã泚éãæ¡æããå ¬è¡šãããäºå®ã§ãã3ãã第äºã®æ±ã(åã³ã第äžã®æ±ã)ã®2023幎æœè¡ã«åããOECDã«ãããããªãåãçµã¿ãæåŸ ãããã
OECDã«ããæ€èšãšäžŠè¡ãã欧å·å§å¡äŒã¯2021幎12æãEUåå ã«é¢ããæ什æ¡(COM 2021 823)ãçºè¡šãããæ什æ¡ã¯åºæ¬çã«ãã¢ãã«èŠåãã«æ²¿ã£ãå 容ãšãªã£ãŠããããé©çšå¯Ÿè±¡ã¯ããåºããçŽåœå ã°ã«ãŒãã察象ãšããŠãã(ããªãã¡ãEUåå ã§ã¯ãä»åœã»å°åã«åäŒç€Ÿã»PEãæããªãå Žåã§ãã£ãŠãGloBEã«ãŒã«ãé©çšããã)ã欧å·å§å¡äŒã«ããã°ãé©çšå¯Ÿè±¡ã®æ¡å€§ã¯ãEUã®åºæ¬çèªç±ãéµå®ãããããã§ããããåºæ¬çèªç±ãšæ什æ¡ãšã®æŽåæ§ã«ç念ãæ±ã声ãããã
æ什æ¡ã¯ãŸãããã¢ãã«èŠåãã®æ³šéãææ¡ãããªãã·ã§ã³ãå©çšããæµ·å€åäŒç€Ÿã ãã§ã¯ãªããå çåœæåšã®å šæ§æäºæ¥äœåã³PEã«å¯Ÿããæäœå®å¹çšç(15%)ã確ä¿ãããããé©çšå¯Ÿè±¡ã®äŒæ¥ãæåšããEUå çåœ(äžè¿°ã®ãšãããéåžžã¯æçµèŠªäºæ¥äœã®æåšåœ)ã«IIRãå°å ¥ããããšãæ±ããŠããã
æ什æ¡ãæ¡æãããå Žå(æå€ãªããšã«ã欧å·çäºäŒã«ãããŠå šäŒäžèŽã§æ¡æãããå¿ èŠããã)ã2022幎æ«ãŸã§ã«å çåœåœå çšå¶åºŠã«åã蟌ãŸãã2023幎ããé©çšãããããšãšãªãã
ãã®ç¹ãã¹ãã€ã³ã§ã¯ã2022幎床äºç®æ³ã«ããã2022幎1æ1æ¥ãããã§ã«15%ã®æäœçšçãå°å ¥ãããŠãããæäœçšçã¯ã2000äžãŠãŒã以äžã®çŽå£²äžé«ã§é£çµçŽçšå¶åºŠã®å¯Ÿè±¡ã§ããçŽçšè ã«é©çšããã(ã€ãŸããé©çšå¯Ÿè±¡ã¯OECDã«ãŒã«ãEUæ什æ¡ãããåºã)ã
1 åœã®QDMTTã1ïŒ ãšããèšå®ã¯ã(IIRåã³UTPRã¡ã«ããºã ãé©çšããããã®)åãªãä»®å®ã«éããªãããã®ã±ãŒã¹ã§ïŒ¢åœãQDMTTãèšå®ããå ŽåãBåœã®ç·åçšçã15%ãšãªãããã«æ±ºå®ããããšèããããã
2 ãã¢ãã«èŠåãã¯ããããã¢ããçš(QDMTTãªã)ã®èšç®ãšæçµãããã¢ããçš(QDMTTãã)ã®èšç®ãåããããåœã»å°åã®ãããã¢ããçšã(5.2.3.æ¡)ã«ãããŠãQDMTTãæ§é€ããŠããã
3 ãã®ç¹ã¯ã3æ14æ¥ã«å ¬è¡šããããã¢ãã«èŠåãã«é¢ãã泚é(Commentary)ã«åºã¥ããããã«æ€èšããå¿ èŠãããã
OECDåçš¿ã®ç¿»èš³è :Â
è±ç°ãæçŸïŒåŒè·å£«ããã©ã³ã¹å ±ååœåŒè·å£«ïŒ
Manami Toyota Sirvent (Japanese and French-qualified lawyer)